Skip to content

Could Jupiter’s Icy Moon Harbor Life? | The Atlantic

Cynthia Phillips was mesmerized when she saw the latest pictures of her favorite moon. Here at last was a fresh look at Europa, an icy satellite of Jupiter. The moon resembles a truffle drizzled haphazardly with strips of melted white chocolate, as if the universe had rushed to finish a baking-show challenge. The images gave us a new sense of Europa’s topography, its collection of ridges and troughs appearing more intricate than ever. The lighting was different this time, Phillips told me, and the shadows brought out dramatic shapes in the terrain.

The images were taken by a Jupiter-observing spacecraft as it swept past Europa last week, coming within just 222 miles (358 kilometers) of the frozen surface. Phillips, a planetary geologist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, immediately reached for the Europa globe on her desk and began comparing the real-world views with the topography stretched over the plastic orb. The last probe to come this close to Europa was disposed of in 2003, when NASA deliberately plunged it into Jupiter’s atmosphere after the mission started running low on fuel. “We haven’t seen Europa’s surface in this level of detail for 20 years,” Phillips said.

Europa might be the best place to search for life elsewhere in the solar system. Scientists are almost certain that beneath the Jovian moon’s frozen surface is a salty ocean with more water than all of Earth’s oceans combined. And such a watery subsurface environment could provide a comfortable home for small Europan life forms.

[Read: Jupiter’s frozen moon is studded with 50-foot blades of ice]

Two years from now, another NASA spacecraft will depart for the Jupiter system, specifically designed to study Europa. The probe will swing past the moon dozens of times, sometimes coasting just 16 miles (25 kilometers) above the surface. Each pass will bring scientists closer to understanding the workings of this celestial truffle and its mysterious interior. Beneath that frosty coating could be the answer to one of our biggest questions: Is there life anywhere else in the universe?

Europa is enveloped in a thick coat of water ice. (Some other moons in our solar system have ice made of methane and nitrogen—the cosmos is a weird place.) The criss-crossing lines visible in the new pictures are actually cracks and fissures in that frozen exterior. Scientists suspect that they’re caused by the stretching and squashing that Europa experiences as it orbits giant Jupiter. The moon’s terrain is sprinkled with chemical compounds such as sodium chloride and magnesium sulfate—more commonly known to Earthlings as table salt and Epsom salt—and they could indicate briny waters below.

A close-up view of Europa’s textured surface (NASA / JPL-Caltech / SWRI / MSSS

Scientists got their best evidence that a Europan ocean might exist two decades ago, when that earlier NASA spacecraft detected a magnetic connection between Europa and Jupiter that could easily be explained by the presence of a salty, global sea. This deep into the solar system, Europa’s underground ocean wouldn’t feel the warmth of the sun; it would stay liquid because of Jupiter’s gravitational tugging. In recent years, telescopes have detected signs of plumes of water vapor spewing out of the cracks and into space. Scientists believe that Europa’s ocean could be as old as the moon itself, about 4 billion years or so, which would give life plenty of time and a stable environment in which to evolve, Phillips said.

[Read: Europa’s mysterious glow]

The data suggest that Europa has a rocky mantle—the layer between the moon’s crust and core—and when rock and water come together, magical things can happen: Chemical interactions between them are known to produce hydrogen-rich materials for tiny creatures to metabolize. “On our own planet, hydrothermal systems at the seafloor provide energy for communities of microorganisms,” Samantha Trumbo, a planetary scientist at Cornell who studies icy ocean worlds like Europa, told me.

The upcoming NASA mission, named Clipper—a nod to the speedy, lightweight vessels favored by 19th-century merchants—will study nearly every bit of the Europan surface. If it gets lucky, the spacecraft could fly through some plume particles, take a sip, and analyze the contents. Alyssa Rhoden, a planetary geophysicist at the Southwest Research Institute who studies Europa, is most excited about a Clipper instrument designed to detect warmer-than-usual spots on the moon’s surface. “When you look at Europa’s surface, you can see a lot of pits where the surface seems to have dropped down a little bit, places where the surface has been disrupted,” Rhoden told me. “We think that that’s happening from heating coming from below.” That signature could simply indicate the presence of melted bits of ice near the frigid crust—or it could mean a roiling sea has floated toward the surface, perhaps bringing any tiny inhabitants with it.

[Read: Exploring the oceans of the outer solar system]

The Clipper mission is not meant to find definitive proof that life exists on Europa, only explore whether the moon has the right conditions and chemistry to make life possible. Evidence of life will require more missions, guided by Clipper’s data, that could land on the Europan surface and drill into the ice. NASA is also searching for life elsewhere in the solar system, notably on Mars, where a rover is collecting samples from a dried-up river delta. But Europa is a more tantalizing target, and so are the other ocean moons sprinkled across the solar system, such as Enceladus and Titan, which orbit Saturn, and Triton, around Neptune. The Mars mission is designed to search for signs of fossilized life that existed several billion years ago, when water once flowed on the planet. “It’s quite possible that Mars could have had life in the past, in a warmer-weather era, and it’s possible that there are subsurface pockets on Mars that could have remnants of this living biosphere,” Phillips said. “But on somewhere like Europa, life could exist there now.”

And what might humanity, by way of carefully engineered machines, find on Europa, once we’ve figured out which melty bits to inspect? “I would love for there to be Europan whales swimming around in that ocean,” Phillips said with a laugh. But alien life, if it exists, is likely to be small and simple. Energy sources are limited in the Europan depths, and scientists don’t think the environment can support the development of more complex organisms, Phillips said. Still, even the discovery of a single microbe would mark an explosive event in human history. It would mean that life had managed to spring up in two different places around the same star—in a universe absolutely brimming with stars. If it happened more than once here, in our own solar system, it’s likely happened elsewhere in the cosmos, around someone else’s sun. This is why scientists are so eager to catch a glimpse of Europa, and prepare as much as they can for the exploration to come. “We all want it to be water,” Rhoden said. “We all want it to be a cool plumbing system in the shell with lots of activity, and someday we’ll get down there and find little Europan sea urchins clinging to the bottom of the ice.”

Could Jupiter’s Icy Moon Harbor Life? | The Atlantic

Skip The Scoop | Seek Understanding

It Only Took 74 Days Before Hunter Biden Was Trading off the Presidency, Beginning His Book Tour.

Show Me

NJ man in hospital with COVID-19 after being fully vaccinated

Show Me

COVID-19 cases on the rise as Illinois continues to dole out vaccines at record pace

Show Me

POLL: Most say they do not support “vaccine passports”

Show Me

VIDEO: Fauci Says It’s ‘Still Not OK’ For Vaccinated People To Eat, Drink Indoors

Show Me

Hawaii to roll out ‘vaccine passport’ program by summer

Show Me

The C.D.C. director says Michigan needs to shut down, not get extra vaccine, to slow its virus outbreak.

Show Me

Rand Paul Has Five Words for Anthony Fauci Americans Need to Repeat: ‘Enough with the Petty Tyrants’

Show Me

Minnesota COVID-19 hospitalizations double in three weeks to 651

Show Me

Illinois’ COVID-19 positivity rate jumps to highest level since late January; 2,433 new cases

Show Me

Pentagon developing microchip vaccine that will continuously detect virus in body

Show Me

5 Reasons Johnson & Johnson Is Having a Very Bad Month

Show Me

Biden Regime Targets Unvaccinated White Americans With Pro-Vax PSAs On NASCAR, Country Music TV

Show Me

Europe’s vax disaster shows Trump, UK’s BoJo got biggest COVID challenge right

Show Me

April 12, 2021 | Nightly News Rebroadcast | Video: 50 Minutes 17 Seconds

Show Me

Global News Live

Show Me

Sky News Live

Show Me

Newsmax TV Live

Show Me

Mainstream Media Feigns Disgust & Shock At The Nursing Home Deaths | It Was “Never Trumpers” MSM and Big Tech That Pushed Andrew Cuomo As Their Alternative | Video: 4 Minutes 3 Seconds

Show Me

DiNapoli must request AG investigate Team Cuomo’s nursing-home coverup

Show Me

COVID-19 law sparks dialogue on nursing home alternatives

Show Me

Jen Psaki Pressed By Reporter Over Biden Nominee Rachel Levine’s Connection To Pennsylvania Nursing Home Scandal

Show Me

Ron Kim blasts Andrew Cuomo at memorial for COVID nursing home victims

Show Me

Lawsuit in Michigan seeks COVID nursing home death data, comparing Whitmer to Cuomo

Show Me

N.Y. Nursing Home Deaths: F.B.I. Investigating if Cuomo Aides Gave False Data

Show Me

Nursing home administrator was ‘petrified’ by Cuomo’s order to take in COVID-19 patients

Show Me

The Break Up: Gushing Hollywood celebs suddenly silent as the Luv Guv continues walk of shame

Show Me

‘Dead Meat’: New York Democrat Warns Cuomo Is ‘Not A Nice Person’ and ‘Doesn’t Have Any Friends’

Show Me

NY State Senator Alessandra Biaggi Says Cuomo Has Abused His Power for Years & Must Resign

Show Me

De Blasio: Cuomo ‘In the Way’ of Saving Lives by Defying Calls to Resign

Show Me

Gov. Cuomo is rightly facing calls to resign — but for the wrong crime

Show Me

Maggots, Rape and Yet Five Stars: How U.S. Ratings of Nursing Homes Mislead the Public

Show Me

Michigan prosecutor says will restart review board to probe COVID nursing home deaths under Whitmer

Show Me

Human Traffickers Feed Off Loose Border Laws: ‘America’s Forgotten’ Director

Show Me

You Really Didn’t Believe Election 2020 Just Happened Without Nationwide Trial Runs On Previous Elections | Ballots Transported In The Dead Of Night Via Private Vehicles and Rented Trucks In Florida 2018 Election | Video: 2 Minutes 10 Seconds

Show Me

The Techniques Used In Election 2020 Were Perfected Over The Years | 2018 Florida Ballot ‘Curing’ After The Election Deadline | “Cheating: Apparent ‘Organized Fraud’ By Florida Democrats Must Be Fully Investigated”

Show Me

Seemingly Every Election, Every Year | Whenever Voter Fraud Or What The Left Begrudgingly Call “Irregularities” Happen, You Can Be Sure The MSM Is There For The White Wash. | (2018) “Uncounted Ballots, Overvoted Ballots: Why Is the Governor Claiming Fraud in Florida’s Election?”

Show Me

Don’t Get Fooled: Democrats Illegally ‘Curing’ Ballots Is An Old Game At Cheating In Both Small and Large Elections | “Florida Democrats on defense amid election fraud investigation” (2018 Midterms)

Show Me

Facebook and the Fact Checkers

Show Me

Opinion: Don’t let the All-Star Game dust-up fool you. Both parties suppress voters, just ask a Colorado independent.

Show Me